|
The medieval history of the Serer people of Senegambia is partly characterised by resisting Islamization from perhaps the 11th century during the Almoravid movement (which would later result in the Serers of Takrur migration to the south),〔See Mwakikagile, ''Ethnic Diversity and Integration in the Gambia:'', p224 & ''The Gambia and Its People:'', p 138; Klein, ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914'', pp 7 & 63, Gravrand, vol. 1. ''La Civilisation sereer, Cossan'' pp 115–18; & ''La civilisation Sereer, Pangool'' p 13〕 to the 19th century Marabout movement of Senegambia〔Klein, Martin, ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum, 1847–914'' pp 62–93〕〔Sarr, ''Histoire du Sine Saloum'', pp 37–39〕〔Diouf, Niokhobaye. pp 727–729 (pp 16–18)〕 and continuation of the old Serer paternal dynasties. ==Resistance to Islam, 11th century== According to Galvan (2004), "The oral historical record, written accounts by early Arab and European explorers, and physical anthropological evidence suggest that the various Serer peoples migrated south from the Fuuta Tooro region (Senegal River valley) beginning around the eleventh century, when Islam first came across the Sahara."〔Galvan, Dennis Charles, ''The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal'' Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004 p.51〕 Over generations these people, possibly Pulaar speaking herders originally, migrated through Wolof areas and entered the Siin and Saluum river valleys. This lengthy period of Wolof-Serer contact has left us unsure of the origins of shared "terminology, institutions, political structures, and practices."〔 Professor Étienne Van de Walle gave a slightly later date, writing that "The formation of the Sereer ethnicity goes back to the thirteenth century, when a group came from the Senegal River valley in the north fleeing Islam, and near Niakhar met another group of Mandinka origin, called the Gelwar, who were coming from the southeast (Gravrand 1983). The actual Sereer ethnic group is a mixture of the two groups, and this may explain their complex bilinear kinship system". After the Arab invasion of North Africa, the Berbers of the north advanced Islam via the Almoravid movement, penetrating parts of Africa, Europe and Asia.〔Lombard, Maurice, ''The golden age of Islam'' p 84. Markus Wiener (2003), ISBN 1-55876-322-8〕 After the fall of the Ghana empire, the Serers resisted conversion and engaged in the battlefield to defend not only the Serer religion, but also their own power and wealth especially the Serer "Lamanic class" whose wealth and power was achieved through the Lamanic lineage.〔Diouf, Mamadou, & Leichtman, Mara, ''"New perspectives on Islam in Senegal: conversion, migration, wealth, power, and femininity"'', Palgrave Macmillan (2009), the University of Michigan, ISBN 0-230-60648-2〕〔Diouf, Mamadou, ''"History of Senegal: Islamo-Wolof model and its outskirts"'', Maisonneuve & Larose (2001), ISBN 2-7068-1503-5〕〔Oliver, Roland Anthony, & Fage, J. D., ''"Journal of African History"'', Volume 10, Cambridge University Press (1969)〕〔''"The African archaeological review"'', Volumes 17–18, Plenum Press (2000)〕〔Hopkins, J. F. P., & Levtzion, Nehemia, ''"Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History"'', pp 77–79, Cambridge University Press (1981) (Scholar)〕〔Trimingham, John Spencer, ''"A history of Islam in West Africa"'', pp 174, 176 & 234, Oxford University Press, USA (1970)〕〔For more information about Serer Lamanic lineage and class, see : Galvan, Dennis Charles, ''"The State Must Be Our Master of Fire:"''〕 The Serer earned their living from agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, boat building (an ancient Serer tradition) and transporting people over the river.〔Gregg, Emma, Trillo, Richard ''Rough guide to the Gambia'', p 247, Rough Guides, 2003, ISBN 1-84353-083-X〕〔Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''The Gambia and its people'', p 11; & ''Ethnic diversity'' p 97〕 The jihads that had affected Tekrur in the 11th century which led to the Serers of Tekrur exodus only affected those Serers living in Tekrur at the time. It did not apply to all Serer people. The Serer people are very diverse and spread throughout the Senegambia founding towns and villages, the Serer names of these towns and villages still remain today.〔See : Gamble, David P. & Salmon, Linda K. (with Alhaji Hassan Njie); Becker, Charles, ''"Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer"', Dakar, 1993., CNRS – ORS TO M〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Serer history」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|